How to Achieve Your Goals

Achieving Your Goals â€Å"The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind. † – Lee Iacocca In today’s work world you have to be aware and be prepared for survival. Awareness starts with accepting the breathless pace of the ever growing technology and the fact that corporations can no longer guarantee job security. The job requirements keep changing with the advancements in technology. Lifelong learning is essential if you want to go with the flow and not drown in it. Up and ahead is not the only direction to move in an organization.If your sole definition of success is getting promoted or advancing in pay/status/job title, then you are not thinking broadly enough. In the new world of work, it is important to consider multiple directions in which your career could move and to focus on those moves that help you develop your employability the most. Focus on progress, not perfection. Flexibility is the key to it all. Self-Managed learning gives us that flexibility. Below are some pointers which will help get us to focus on achieving our goals: Aims & Requirements: First things first. Write down clearly what you are aiming at.What do you want to do? Why do you want to do it? Who do you want to be? What would you get out of it? Where do you want to reach? What all would you need to know to get there? Now picture yourself there. Keep that in mind always even when you face with failures. This will help you keep moving forward. Set achievable and realistic goals. Creating a Time Table: Whatever may be our goal, making a time table always helps us manage our time properly. For example, If we were on a ‘weight loss’ goal keeping a record of all our calorie intakes, the time we take to work out along with our daily routine will help us a great deal.We will know where we are going wrong, where we need to improve, what all could be done to help us improve ourselves. It k eeps us in check and helps us know our progress. There could be a column in which we can self-assess ourselves (give grades and fun remarks) to motivate and encourage us to go on. Yes, it would be a pain keeping tabs, but hard work pays more than short cuts ever will. Personal Orientation: Personal Orientation helps us to understand how we relate to an environment/situation/relationship. It gives us the opportunity to discover our aptitudes, interests and aspirations.When we are looking for a job in a company, this could help us to know what we can give to them. It could also help us to align our interests to what the company is looking for. For personal orientation you should learn to explore your world. Make mistakes and learn from them. It will help you make better choices suiting your interests. In short, personal orientation will help you feel more sure of yourself in this complex and ever changing technological world. Deadlines: Deadlines help us to make use of our time more e fficiently so as to get maximum output. It also helps to keep laziness at bay.When you know something has to be done within the specified time limit you tend to work harder to get it done. When things get hard we tend to keep it off until the next day. Deadlines keep a check on that. Without the urgency of a hard deadline pushing your work to completion, it’s easy for you to lose focus. As illustrator Christoph Niemann pointed out in a 99% interview, â€Å"Deadlines can actually help us by creating a fixed window of opportunity that requires us to be focused, pragmatic and decisive: In advertising, and also editorial, when people have 2 days, the briefing is much better, and the discussion is much better.It’s not that people just sign off on anything because they’re in a hurry. They’re just really looking at what they have, and trying to make the best product, and get it done. The problem is when people have too much time on their hands. Because then at some point everybody’s going to question, â€Å"Why did you make it red, not green? † and â€Å"Could we try it upside-down, or left to right? † and then at some point it becomes arbitrary. If the anxiety is about the deadline, then the energy really focuses on the result. If there is not anxiety about a deadline, all of the anxiety goes right to the creative part. Review your progress regularly Keep reviewing your progress daily. This will help you get back on track if you go off course. Monitoring your progress might also motivate you to work harder. These could be included in the Time table. Celebrate! Congratulate yourself when you manage to get through an especially tough spot. Give yourself a treat. Self-Reflection & staying true to your goals: â€Å"By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is the easiest; and third, by experience, which is the most bitter. –  Confucius How true the se words ring. No matter what goals we have set for ourselves or how efficient we have made our time table unless we really truly believe we are capable of it, we will most probable fail. Self-reflection is important. We have to understand and conquer our fears, come to terms with our inner self and strengths. This might seem a waste of time for most people but that’s not so. Being able to remove all those thoughts and feeling which are holding us back from giving our 100% can open so many doors for us. We will not be afraid to take the next step. It will help us grow as a person.We have to believe we can do it. And then we will become what we believe. Making goals is easy, but working towards achieving them might not be so. Anything worth having takes time and effort. So be prepared to face challenges to get what you want. Don’t let obstacles damper your desire for success. Even after having set your goals getting started is often the hardest thing to do. But doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t success taste the sweetest after some hard work? Try to follow your plans with a true heart and I’m sure you’ll success in every walk of life. And yes, pray to God! He will help you with it all!

Introduction to China

Introduction to China Topic: Experience (Likes and dislikes) in China 2011/2012 Introduction I have been in China for more than two years. Early experiences in China and current experiences have a lot of differences. Early days I had so many funny experiences. I am going to start my paper with the funniest experiences. Here it is. When I was coming to China my friends told me that when you meet Chinese people they will say you You should reply the same. Then they will ask you You should reply One day I met a Chinese guy. He told me . I replied the same. Then he asked me I replied And the guy stared at me strangely. At that time I did not know why, but now I know. Another day I went to a restaurant to have my lunch. When I was coming back I met someone and he also greeted me . I replied so. Then he asked me I thought he was asking me whether I have taken my meal or not. So, as usual I said Then he thought for a while and said â€Å"yes, yes I know where the Chifanle country is. It is in Africa, isn’t it? † I said â€Å"No, it was in restaurant† because I thought he asked me where I had my lunch. It was totally a mess. Still now when I remember this I burst out laughing. My likes and dislikes about China: People in the same situation can describe an object positively or negatively due to difference in perception. So, what can be liked by one may be not by another one. However, as I am asked to provide some of my likes and dislikes in china, I am providing it from my perception. My objective is neither to hurt nor to please anyone. If someone is glad to hear my likes it is my pleasure and if someone is hurt I am extremely sorry. My likes * I like the helping tendency of Chinese people. When I came to china I was in trouble in the beginning. I did not find anybody with whom I can speak in English and be understood. But I was really astonished that they were trying to find some way to help me. I was really happy to see the helping tendency. * I like that China has successfully converted its large population into manpower. From an economic point of view, this is one of the major reasons the country have the fastest growing economy in the world. Labor here unlike in the western world is cheap coupled with the availability of technology. Chinese people are hard working in comparison to people in other countries. As I believe that industry is the key to success, so I admire them. * I like Chinese food though most of my classmates complain that Chinese food is spicy. Actually in my country we also eat spicy food. So, I have no problem with spicy food. * China’s natural scenery is unique and famous as one of the most beautiful on the earth. I like the natural scener y of china especially the hills and mountains of china. I also visited some places in china. It’s really wonderful. My Dislikes * I have not yet become fully used to the weather of Wuhan. After coming here I experienced too hot and too cold but it is difficult to tolerate. * I do not like the way Chinese boys and girls fall in love and their frequent change of love. Falling in love is divine and maintaining it is also same, but many are not concerned about maintaining. * Finally I do not like the way the drivers drive cars in China. Most drivers are reckless and won’t give pedestrians chance to cross. I see drivers breaking the traffic rules. Concluding thought China has more ethnic groups and population and has a long enriched history of civilization. If we observe the culture of china and that of my country we see many similarities, and many dissimilarities are also found as well. I respect all the cultural activities of my country as well as China. Before coming to China I was not aware of many of the things that I mentioned in my likes about China and its culture. As the time is passing I am gathering more and more experience about China and its Culture. Now, I like China more and more.

What Is Behcets Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Behcet ‘s disease or Behcet ‘s syndrome was first described in 1937 by a dermatology professor of Isabul, Dr Hulusi Behcet. Behcets disease is really common along China, Turkey, Japan, Iraq and Israel and is locally termed as the â€Å" old silk path † disease. Behcet syndrome is every bit rare as 1 in about 100000 people in the United Kingdom. The most dramatic characteristics include concerns and painful ulcers. Others include repeating oral cavity sores, ulcers, venereal sores, skin roseolas and lesions and oculus redness. It is a multi-system disease that may impact the cardinal nervous system and impact all variety meats. If left unattended it might onset more complications such as sightlessness, memory loss, impaired address, motion and balance. More effects may include swelling of the anchor, enteric complications and shot. Due to the disease doing redness to the blood vass it is at times regarded to as vasculitis. Vasculitis affects all types and sizes of blood vass. Veins and arterias, in countries such as the oral cavity, tegument, lungs, eyes, genitalias and the gastro-intestinal piece of land can be affected. Patients may besides develop pneumonic aneurisms due to lung bleeding. The disease does non fire itself out but instead it can acquire to a degree where the outbursts are less aggressive and do non happen really frequently. Other symptoms may happen after a comparatively long period from the first happening. In topographic points like Japan, it is the taking cause of sightlessness. Other symptoms include weight loss, deficiency of appetency, failing, sore pharynxs, concerns, musculus strivings, conceited lymph secretory organs and symptoms of unease. Immunosuppressants are the most common ways of handling the Behcet disease as the immunosuppressant render the system from wholly working. They are available in both signifiers of picks, tablets and besides injections. As it has been proved that immunosuppressant suppress the immune system, there is major side consequence that comes approximately. It causes increased exposure to infections. The standards used to name this syndrome includes two critical stairss ; the international standards of Behcet syndrome and O'Duffy standards both of which are non conclusive to kids who might hold a hazard of unwritten or venereal ulceration. Peoples with HLA-B51, an immune system antigen are most likely to develop this disease. It has nevertheless been proven that merely 5 % of the people with the antigen are affected. This gives rise to the fact that environmental factors can be a trigger to the oncoming of Behcet ‘s disease. Though the disease affects both genders it is proven that is more terrible in work forces. The exact cause of this disease is still unknown though it is said that bacterial or viral infection, immune ordinance, immune genetic sciences can play a critical function. The symptom of this disease manifests itself through four major ways which include hurting, heat, inflammation and swelling. This reaction of doing the blood vass to go inflamed has non yet been discovered and has left the physicians astonished as they do non yet cognize what triggers it. The immune system attacks the organic structure by mistake thereby harming the organic structure ‘s tissues. This disease is non contagious but built-in. It is believed that due to certain conditions that cause mutant to the cistrons is a taking factor in susceptible individuals. Research has found out that people who sufferer from strep infections is most likely to endure from this disease. Anyone enduring from this disease can take a normal life through regular exercisings, medicine, and remainder. Other ways can be thro ugh diets. Though this syndrome is non caused by an imbalanced diet, a good balanced diet including plentifulness of fresh veggies and fruits should be included. Rest and exercising should be enough every bit much as hurting or uncomfortableness may let. Though there is no any know remedy, patients can be put under medicine to stamp down hurting and prevent complications. It should be realized that serious complications can look months or old ages after the initial first symptoms appear. This disease has different effects on people. While some might hold less or mild effects such as oral cavity sores or venereal sores others have symptoms runing from meningitis to GI perforation. Whenever a patient is holding any of these symptoms they should maintain a record of the sorts of symptoms so as the physician can cognize the advancement of the disease. This is because different medicines are used on different symptoms. It is rather hard to name this disease as there are no specific trials that are used to prove for it. In this instance it might take clip possibly periods of old ages before a conclusive diagnosing is made as the symptoms might take a comparatively long period to attest. Treatment of this disease involves a batch of specializers as the disease involves assorted organic structure parts. Specialists who might be involved include eye doctors, gynaecologists, and urologists among many others. The chief end of ordering medicine is in bar of farther serious complications and reduces uncomfortablenesss. Medication and its strength vary among the patients depending on their symptoms and patients should inform the physicians on the sort of medicine they are on. Further research is being done to better drug intervention. Recent research is based on analyzing cistrons that may increase a individual ‘s opportunity in developing this disease. Researchs are besides being carried out on virus/ bacteria that can be a trigger to the oncoming of this disease. Though experimental, a drug such as Thalidomide is effectual in handling oral cavity sores. This drug can non nevertheless be used in adult females as it has childbearing effects. There are certain side effects to patients who use intervention to counter this disease. Some of these side effects include flu-like unwellnesss at the beginning of the intervention, hair loss, itching and depression. Progresss in pharmaceutical have resulted to an interferon alfa that can be administered to the patients merely one time a hebdomad and improves on the side effects. Other interventions for this disease are underway with a current considerable involvement in anti-tumor mortification factor ( TNF ) anti-body therapy. Through its variableness to natural classs and limited figure of instances for clinical probe, it has hindered curative efficaciousness thereby ensuing to ill controlled surveies. Some of the instances can be handled through local therapy while in other complicated instances such as GI perforation, enterocutaneous fistulous withers formations and cardiac jobs may necessitate surgical therapy. Corticosteroids should be a last resoluteness. There are researches on herbal redresss such as Cobirex. It has been found to hold ingredients that can assist estrange some of the jobs such as nim trees and barberry on jobs such as inflammatory and digestive conditions. Discussion The really chief constructs behind this instance study it to do certain that people understand how rare this disease is. It is really rare within the United States but world-wide ; it has the same socioeconomic effects among all people. It has a rare happening in bulk of the western states but it is prevailing in the Mediterranean basin. Due to its engagement of other organic structure variety meats and hence diagnosing by different specializers, this disease has proved to be really expensive both on persons and the society as a whole. In a cost analysis done in Turkey, the cost of Behcet disease survey had the highest one-year cost with the drug costs being the chief cost driver. It was noted that this disease has become an economical load to the wellness attention system and persons in general. There should be fiscal support from the authorities to both researches being done and besides to victims of this disease. Though there has been a noticed betterment in pull offing some of the symptoms such as mucocutaneous manifestations and oculus diseases other common and serious symptoms are yet to happen a solution and remain mostly debatable. Disability can be termed as any signifier as a consequence either accident or in signifier of illness that renders anyone unfit physically or mentally. Due to the effects that manifest themselves through Behcet ‘s syndrome, this disease can be termed as a disablement. It should nevertheless be noted that it depends on the functional restrictions that a claimant might hold. There is no reasoning that the more terrible the symptoms of the Behcet disease the more the restrictions in functionality. Therefore Social Security Disability Claims ( SSI ) should be available and provided for to these patients. In Canada, the authorities has disablement grants, disablement benefits and even disablement revenue enhancement credits. Disability Living Allowance ( DLA ) is widely recognized in the United Kingdom as a revenue enhancement free benefit to both handicapped kids and grownups. Those above the age of 65 are recognized to hold an Attendance Allowance. If the United Kingdom recognizes the being of such allowances, why so are at that place complains of people populating with Behcet ‘s disease and other rare arthritic diseases non having the same? It is the authorities ‘s duty to provide for such patients and give relation and accurate information on how to use for disablement allowances. There are many people populating with rare arthritic jobs and are clustered under holding disablements.

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Different perspectives: There are different opinions to the argument whether stem cell research should be encouraged or not. Many religious and pro-life organizations have voiced ethical concerns regarding the intentional killing of a defenseless human life (2 week-old embryo) for the possible benefits of others. Other ethical dilemmas concerning this research are the use/disposal of surplus stem cells, the use of cloning in obtaining stem cells and the fact that a potential life is created for research or therapeutic purposes. Scientists and researchers see stem cell research as an answer to help all those suffering from chronic, degenerative and acute diseases such as Type-1 Diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease and Cancer amongst others (Erin Williams, 2006). My Opinion: Having studied the different ethical and scientific perspectives on stem cell research, I believe that the research has tremendous potential to relieve the sufferings of thousands if not mill ions of people. If research is undertaken within the bounds of law (looking into the purpose of embryo creation, egg procurement etc), the pursuit wil help scientists understand the biology behind current incurable diseases and hence save many important lives.

Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982 - Essay Example Thus, it becomes all the more important for the main Bill of Rights of a country, which for Canada equal to the Constitution Acts of 1867 with amendments made to it in 1982, to represent the correct division of power between the Federal and Provincial governments. The constitution Geographically, Canada is divided into three territories and 10 provinces. It supports two distinct main ethnic groups, the Quebecois who are well versed in French and the rest who communicate in English. The division of power would involve consideration to both the minority French-Canadians and the majority of the English speakers. Thus, some legislative authority must be granted to provinces while most of it is retained by the Federation, as is customary for a government system of this kind. It is for this reason that s. 91 to 95 of the 1867 constitution award legislative powers for both federal and provincial jurisdictions. S. 91 deals with the legislative authority of the Federal government whereas s. 9 2 pertains to the same at the provincial level. Moreover, all the residuary powers that have not been assigned to the provinces may also be dealt by the Parliament, which is allowed to â€Å"make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the provinces† (Constitution Act 1867, s. 91). Provincial responsibility also deals with sources of energy which are non-renewable (s. 92A) and education (s. 93) while s. 94 relates to the dealings with property and civil rights (new at the time the Constitution Act 1867 was enacted). Thus, while the English speaking majority is correctly represented in the Parliament, the Federal government enjoys enough power constitutionally in order to uphold the rights of the minorities. Division of power is scribed clearly in certain cases to the provincial government, such as in the cases of handling prisons, prop erty and education but in other cases such as that of immigration policies and agriculture, power is shared between the federal and provincial jurisdictions (s. 95). This ensures two things, the first being the adherence to the British system of Parliament, which enables correct representation of all the minorities in the State and saves them from unjust policies that a majority might impose upon them. The concurrent presence of the federal and provincial governments, on the other hand, allow for cultural diversity to exist in the various provinces without being majority centric. Due to the presence of the latter, the French Canadians are awarded the same level of liberties as their English speaking majority consequently ensuring that their individual rights are protected, at least in theory. However, the existence of these two systems, where the country is represented by a Prime Minister who is in charge of a Federation, creates vagueness in division of power. In matters of adminis tration of justice, for example, the constitution allows the Parliament to enact legislation dealing with â€Å"criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Law - Essay Example These doctrines are specific performance and partial performance. When and how these doctrines were invoked and why they are rarely ordered in construction cases are the major points to consider in this essay. Doctrine of Specific Performance This doctrine of specific performance is a remedy granted by the court in cases where there is breach of duty or contract committed either by the owner or by the contractor. It is an equitable remedy that compels a party to execute a contract according to the precise terms agreed upon or to execute it substantially so that, under the circumstances, justice will be done between the parties ( Hill, 2005). It is the right of the party to a contract to demand that the defendant (the party who it is claimed breached the contract) be ordered in the judgment to perform the contract. Specific performance may be ordered instead of (or in addition to) a judgment for money if the contract can still be performed, and money cannot sufficiently reward the pla intiff (Ibid). The basis for the grant of this remedy is equity. Doctrine of Partial Performance The doctrine of partial performance is an exception to the requirement prescribed by the Statute of Frauds that any agreement to transfer land must be written and executed. Partial Performance of an oral agreement can render it as a binding contract (Gervais et al, 2010). The essence of this doctrine was that if the plaintiff could show that he or she had acted under the contract - had partly performed the contract - then a court of equity would enforce the contract even though a court of law would not. The doctrine of part performance requires that the plaintiff must be able to show that he or she has made a substantial commitment to the contract so that it would be unconscionable to allow the defence. Note that it must be the acts of the plaintiff. The doctrine is based on the idea of unconscionability generated by the plaintiff's reliance on the existence of a contract. It does not ma tter whether the acts of the defendants clearly show that there is a contract (Heffey et al. 1998). Difference between the two doctrines and their application to construction cases The invocation of Specific Performance is based on a written contract or any agreement entered into by the parties. And non-performance of any provision or stipulation in the contract will make the erring party liable for breach of contract and an action for specific performance will be granted as in the case of Kasten Construction Co. v. Maple Ridge Construction Co. There is no blanket prohibition against a court ordering the equitable relief of specific performance in a case involving breach of a construction contract as held in the case of Granite Broadway Dev.  LLC v. 1711 LLC. However, this doctrine of specific performance is rarely a remedy in construction cases. If a contractor fails to perform or renders defective performance, it is unlikely than the owner will want the court to order the same c ontractor to continue the work. Instead, contract damages are the primary remedy in construction cases (Wanek, nd). The doctrine of partial performance on the other hand is invoked based on the intention of the parties strengthened by the fact that it was partially performed. In Elsberry v. Sexton, the Supreme Court of Florida unequivocally held that part performance is an equitable doctrine only and is not available in actions for damages at

Research skills Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research skills - Coursework Example Moreover, it is imperative to note that, the masters’ level of learning is quite different from the predominant undergraduate studies since it is entirely research-based with a few class sessions with tutors. Thus, this provides an environment in which students need to uphold high integrity levels to be able to achieve the learning outcomes required by the end of each course, to complete the entire programme successfully. Maritime and Logistics courses are basically experience-based courses in which more experimental learning is desired as opposed to classroom learning. Therefore, it involves more of out of class sessions in which problems under discussion are encountered in the field at first-hand experience before problem solving techniques are applied to help students come up with the required skills in order to fulfil the learning outcomes (Chavan, 2011). Thus, it is not naturally easy for every student who has enrolled in this particular programme to find it easy; some students encounter a lot of challenges in tackling this course primarily due to some factors affecting them, which range from the new environment in the university to the mode of learning (Barman, HeÃŒ bert and Mccas kill, 2006). Before enrolling in any particular course, one needs to possess a number of competencies to fulfil course requirements. The author in line with obtaining a Masters in Maritime Operations, had a number of competencies that made him an ideal candidate to be granted a chance by the university to pursue the course (University of Nottingham, 2014). Rational thinking is one of the most sought after skill in any professional course because students who possess the ability will be able to solve complex problems on their own without much supervision from instructors (Chisholm, 2005). The masters’ level of education is

International relation&the 2003 Intervention in Iraq Case Study

International relation&the 2003 Intervention in Iraq - Case Study Example There was no the mandate of the United Nations; it was a policy that was used by the US administration to destabilize Saddam Hussein’s government. Consequently, when George Bush took office in 2001, he was determined to accomplish what his predecessor had started. President Bill Clinton had authorized the $97 million military aid to the Iraq opposition forces to topple Saddam Hussein and install the democratic government (Popular Social Science 1). After the first Gulf War in Iraq both the Clinton and the Bush administrations hoped that the imposition of economic sanctions and the no-flight zones in Iraq would result in a palace revolution by members of Saddam’s own Baath regime (Popular Social Science 1). This was not U.N. policy, however, but Washington’s own unilateral intention was to overthrow the regime in Baghdad and install a democracy in Iraq. From the above phenomena, we can depict that the second Bush Administration did not follow the channels of the United Nations to launch war; because there were concerns the deal could not be vetoed due to humanitarian concerns and could hinder the big plans right from the Clinton Administration. Additionally, in 2002 the Congress and the Senate of the United States had passed a resolution that gave the president more powers to invade any country without the mandate of the United Nations (Popular Social Science 1). From the above statement, it gives a clear picture the congress and the Senate were main bodies that empowered the Second Bush Administration to declare war without the authorization of the United Nations. Additionally, by 2002 the US was speaking in one voice on matters of foreign policy, thus, Bush used the proxy endorsement of the resolution of the congress and the senate to the launch war against Saddam Hussein. The United States is likely to attack another country unilaterally because there was a declaration made in1992 by the Department of the United States Defense. In this

Political Science paper about (Should the Arms Trade Treaty cover Essay

Political Science paper about (Should the Arms Trade Treaty cover small arms) - Essay Example Thus, clearly, by direct control and monitoring of the small arms, the crime rate can also be controlled effectively. Secondly, as opposed to nuclear weapons or other large ammunition equipment, small arms are convenient to conceal. Also, these are smaller in size and lighter to carry which makes them easier to transport. Thus, terrorist groups can accumulate these light weapons which they can later utilize to carry a lethal operation during the aggravation of a conflictii. This is a classic case exhibit during civil wars. Furthermore, majority of the conflicts in civil wars effecting the civilian population involve small arms, being the more dominant ammunition used for criminal violence. The death toll of fire-arms in the post-conflict period is thus higher than that of the death toll during the climax of the conflictiii. This directly implies that the losses in a conflict can clearly be minimized by controlling small arms. Also, the armed violence leads towards the decay in social welfare. People flee their homes and tend to be threatened by the presence of small arms. Also, according to statement issues by the World Bank, nothing affects the investment opportunities in a state as do armed violenceiv. Thus, all negative indicators to economic development can directly be connected to small arms. Thus, with active exports and imports of small arms, there are chances that more and more number of people would have easier access to small arms which would tend to increase violence and decrease economic growth indicators. Lastly, there are presently no measures of transparency related to the available data on the presence of small arms on the global pretext. Thus, by virtue of small arms control and consistent monitoring of the data, eventually the data would be accumulated to a considerable extent, after which a database can be formed for future referencev. As opposed to small arms, the data on nuclear warheads and other conventional arms is

Major differences between the two theories Essay Example for Free

Major differences between the two theories Essay The obviously notable difference between Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Beck’s cognitive theory is the bias that each has towards behavior. For instance, Bandura’s model is more behavioral, whereas Beck’s model is inclined towards psychotherapy or seems to provide psychological solutions to problems. The social cognitive theory (by Bandura) is presented in an agentic perspective. It explains why people exhibit differences in self-organization, being proactive, participation in self-reflection, and in self-regulation (Bandura, 1986). In essence, the theory does not just show that human beings have different capabilities, it also shows that other factors such as the environment play a major role in shaping behaviorism (Bandura, 1986). The theory further describes human beings as producers as well as products of what they make (the proverb manners maketh man should be true). Bandura’s theory also gives the socio cognitive aspects of human beings, for example, why they act in particular manners and what elicits such behavior. Additionally, the theory also gives reasons why the human nature is vast in terms of capabilities and how humanity is fashioned by direct and observational experience that is integrated in a variety of forms. In contradistinction, Beck’s theory gives a picture of the phenomena underlying dysfunctional beliefs (Beck, 1976). This theory does not just describe personality, but provides solutions to psychological problems. This is achieved by the model’s blow-by-blow analysis of the casual agents of depression and how depression can be remedied (Beck, 1976). Beck’s theory seems to give mediation approach in solving psychological problems by encouraging patients to be participants of the problem solving process rather than passive and helpless respondents. Another difference between the two theories is the triad used in each of the theories, which forms the basis of the entire illustrations and discussions. Bandura’s model is a triad with behavior, environmental factors and personal determinants as the main elements. On the other hand, Beck’s cognitive model consists of behavior, antecedent events and consequences (Beck, 1976; Beck, 1998). The triads may seem to portray a similarity between the two models but in real sense they exhibit differences since the explanation of how the elements in the triads affect each other or act on their own is slightly different. For instance, in Bandura’s theory, the description of how the factors in the triad affect each other revolves around cause and effect. One of the factors, such as the environment is implied to be a cause (or a factor that determines) of behavior. Thus, there is emphasis on reciprocal determinism. On the other hand, Beck’s triadic illustration of the factors that shape personality and character is influenced by the person (self), the world and the future. In this context, it is evident that personality is affected not just by behavior but also by other events that occur in life. In fact, Beck (1976) describes the person (self) as the main source of ideas to solve depression problems with reference to the world and anticipation of a better future. Conclusion Bandura’s Cognitive Theory and Beck’s Cognitive Theory seem to have more similarities in that they describe personality and the factors shape it. Many elements described in each theory’s triad show convergence in meaning. Major differences between the two models lie in the description of the models. While Bandura’s model is inclined towards behaviorism, Beck’s model provides an explanation of psychological dysfunctions and possible remedies. References Bandura A. (2006). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine Transaction. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman Company Bandura, A. (1986).Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Professional Technical. Bandura, A. (1976) Social learning theory. New York: Prentice Hall Bandura, A. (1971). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine- Atherton. Beck, A. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy emotional disorders. NY: International Universities Press. Beck, A. (1998). The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy. New York: Guilford Press.

Organizational Structure Of Nestle Pakistan Marketing Essay

Organizational Structure Of Nestle Pakistan Marketing Essay Now companies are improving their production by adopting different strategies in which backward integration is one of them. Backward Integration is a type of vertical integration in which a company gets control over its suppliers to improve the efficiency and save the cost which improves its profit margins and make the firm more competitive. Backward integration occurs through acquiring input suppliers, establishing long-term contracts with existing suppliers or investing in new input production capacity through internal corporate growth. The main advantages of backward integration regardless of the industry are decreased marketing expenses, the stability of operations, the certainty of supplies of materials, much control on the distribution of products, tighter quality control, the on time review of fabrication and allocation policies, more control over inventory, and additional profit margins or the ability to charge lower prices on final products. These advantages must be weighed against the disadvantages which normally are disparities among productive capacities at a range of stages of manufacturing, governmental pressure, lack in interest of specialty, the firmness of operations, the extension of the management team and lack of direct competitive influence on the costs of transitional products. Background: This report highlights the comparison of two companies from Pakistan Food Industry the ENGRO FOODS and NESTLE PAKISTAN, which are applying backward integration to enhance their production capability. In Pakistan these are the top most companies which are playing a vital role in the food industry through their dairy and beverage products. Nestle is a subsidiary of Swiss origin company which headquarter is located in vevey, Switzerland. Nestle Pakistan started its operations in 1988 with the collaboration of Milk Pak Ltd in Pakistan which is further took over total control in 1992. In Pakistan, its head quarter is located in Lahore and the company currently operating four production facilities. Two of its factories are located in sheikhupura and Kabirwala while one in Islamabad and one in Karachi. It has also the biggest milk collection operation in Pakistan through which they collects milk from an estimated 190,000 farmers and from their dairy farms located in different areas of Pakistan. Nestle Pakistan is currently the leading food beverage company of Pakistan. While Engro food is another biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. In 2005 Engro Foods limited was established and it is 100% owned by Engro Corporation. Engro Foods limited began their operations in 2006 and within 5 years they make realization to their competitor by increasing their market share gradually. At the end of 2010 Engro Foods Limited took control in the market of Ultra High Temperature by launching new products including ice cream, juices, powder milk and flavoured milk which contain great potential to compete in future. The Company is also entering into global markets. Its first mission is that to administer a Halal food business in North America known as Al-Safa, which was recently acquired by Engro Corporation at a total cost of 6.3 mn dollars. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Recently a seminar Current Status of Foods Industry in Pakistan: Threats and Challenges was held at Lahore on September 07, 2012 in which different analysts of PCSIR and Federal Minister of Science and Technology addresses that food industry in Pakistan has become the second largest industry by participating with 17% share in GDP and in Pakistan it is now become most consuming industry because people spent 42% of their earnings in foods products. And at the end of the session some analysts point out weak point of the food industry that the in appropriate management of food products and the large harvest losses in vegetables, fruits and grain create a food shortage in market. There are several sectors of food industry while some are given below which are related to the project report, we will mainly focus on these. These sectors are as follows: Dairy Juices Ice creams 2.1 Dairy Dairy sector is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan which affects more than 10 mn families. There are a lot of companies in Pakistan who are purchasing milk from farmers for their satisfaction. The dairy industry is providing packed milk to its consumers in the shape of UHT, Pasteurized, Tea Whitener and Flavored milk. The industry is also producing Ice Cream, Yoghurt, Cheese, Butter and miscellaneous food items for childrens.   Milk is the most consumable food item having a life of 4 hours under at a certain temperature level of room. Pakistan is 3rd leading milk producing country in the world with more than 47 billion litters production and 11.30% contribution in GDP and a milk economy that in value terms is 27.7% of the total agriculture sector. According to analysts the milk production is expected to grow at 2% annually, however the processed industry is only 7% of operated milk. The milk, remaining wastages and farmer preservation is 20.7 bn liters of which 1.4 bn goes into processing and the rest is sold as a commodity in retail outlets and through door to door Gawala system. So, there is an immense prospect and +prospective to grow the processed milk business. The processed milk has segmented into three categories namely: Ambient UHT Powder 2.1.1 Ambient UHT As of 2010, Ambient UHT constitutes only 4% of the total Tradable Milk segment. Industry volumes have grown 10% from 2006-2010 and the market size was 790 million liters as of December 2010. 2.1.2 Powder Currently, the size of the branded powder market is approximately 57,000 tons, which uses approximately 540 mn liters of milk and 3% of tradable milk. Powder market size has grown 17% from 2006 to 2010 and it is expected to grow 14% in the next five years due to economy that powder offers as well as its specialize use as growing up and infant nutrition source. Nestle Pakistan is the market leader in this segment. 2.2 Juices The Juices, Nectars and Still drinks market are of 507 Million Liters which has total market value of PKR 31 Billion. This market is subdivided into Juice and Nectar and Value added Still Drinks. Juices contain 100% fruit substance, Nectar contain 25% to 99% fruit substance while still drinks contain 0 to 24 % fruit substance value added still drinks have innovative packaging or addition of pulp etc. Nestle Pakistan is the market leader in this segment. 2.3 Ice Cream The Ice Cream sector of Pakistan has growing constantly and registers a volume growth of 20% in 2010 as compare to 2009. The overall volume of ice cream sold in 2010 was 71 Million liters while the total market value was PKR 8.8 billion. The industry volumes have grown 11% over the last four years. However, it is expected that growth will be higher in next five years on the back of significant investment by the industrys key players. Walls are the market leader in this industry which is followed by Omore. COMPANIES PROFILE 3.1 Engro Foods Engro Corporation Limited initially introduced with Engro Chemical Pakistan which rapidly built their growth in chemical industry and after few years Engro Chemical become Engro Corporation Limited by making diversified investment in different sector like Foods, Energy, Fertilizer and Business solutions. It started operations in 1957 as an Esso/Mobil joint venture which discovered the Mari Gas field near Daharki. Engro food is now becoming the biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. From the beginning till date Engro Foods Limited 100% owned supplementary company of Engro Corporation. Engro Foods Limited operations began in the year of 2006 and within 5 years company started to climb the ladder of growth rapidly. It has manage to be the market leaders in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) Industry at the end of 2010 and has launched multiple new products including Ice Cream, Flavoured Milk, Fruit Juices and Milk Powders, that show great potential for future. In order to back these products and to achieve high quality standards Engro Foods Limited made backward integration strategy in which they heavily invested in milk processing and collection infrastructure. The Company has innovated by venturing out of the dairy sector and stepping in the Beverage Industry by launching Olfrute and ice cream industry by launching Omore. The Company is also entering into the global markets. Its first mission is to manage a Halal food business in North America known as Al-Safa, which was recently acquired by Engro Corporation at a total outlay of 6.3 mn dollars. PRODUCTION FACILITIES Dairy Plants Engro Foods has two UHT processing plants which are located in Sukkur and Sahiwal with total filling capacity of 1.1 million liter per day. Sukkur Plant capacity is 400,000 liter per day whereas Sahiwal plant facility is 700,000 liter per day. Engro Foods also has a powder plant at Sukkur with a capacity of 24 tons per day. Covered area of freehold land of Sukkur is 27 acres and Sahiwal production facility is 33 acres freehold land. These production sites are equipped with plant and machinery of European origin. Sukkur Production site started its operation in Feb 2006, whereas Sahiwal plant started its operation in December 2007. Ice Cream Plant The ice cream plant was set up in the same facility as the Dairy Plant. The total manufacturing capability of Sahiwal is 33 acres of free holding land. This provides deliberate advantage to the Company in terms of the supply of raw material, the utilities, and manpower and warehousing. The ice cream plant has total capacity of 22 million liters per annum. Organizational Structure of Engro Foods: President/CEO Secretary Secretary Vice President Manufacturing Vice President Marketing Manager Public Affair Manager Internal Audit Special Projects Vice President HR Vice President HR Compensation Benefits Sales Production Accounting Recruitment Planning development Maintenance Treasury Training development Technical Services Process Engineering Industrial Trade Instrumental/Fleet Purchasing Administration Legal Brands of Engro Foods: The product portfolio of Engro Foods comprises some of the countrys biggest and best selling brands which include: Olpers Olpers Lite Olfrute Omore Omung Omung Lassi Tarang. 3.2 Nestle Pakistan Nestle is basically a Swiss company and their head office is situated in Vevey, Switzerland. And Nestle Pakistan is one of it supplementary company. Since 1988 Nestle Pakistan is working with the alliance of Milk Pak Ltd and within short time period Nestle Pakistan took over Milk Pak Ltd. It is also listed in Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchange. Nestle Pakistan is one of the most prominent company which ensures it place among top 25 companies who are registered at Karachi stock exchange for last couple of years. The Headquarter of Nestle is located in Lahore and the Company operates four fabrication facilities. In which the factories located in Sheikhupura and Kabirwala are producing different products under same umbrella. The other factory is present in Islamabad and one in Karachi produce packed water. Nestle Pakistan now operates the biggest milk collection process in Pakistan. At present, Nestle Pakistan gathers milk from a projected 190,000 farmers. At present Nestle is market leader in dairy and beverage industry of Pakistan because they are very keenly focusing on Nutrition and health by covering almost at all locations throughout Pakistan to serve the consumers. Nestle Pakistan distinct feature is that they are the leaders in Nutrition. PRODUCTION FACILITIES Sheikhupura Factory The factory located at sheikhpura produces many most popular products s of Nestle Pakistan such as  Milkpak UHT milk, Nevista  products,  Nestle pure water,  Cerelac and yogurt. The factory starts operation as part of Milkpak Ltd in 1981. Formerly it produced only UHT milk but in 1988 it had expanded to produce butter, cream, ghee and fruit drinks as well. But with the passage of time Nido powder milk also started to produce in this factory. Kabirwala Factory Milk Pak took over this factory which is located in Khanewal district of the Punjab in 1990. In 1997 Nestle Pakistan got 100% share of that unit.  After acquiring it Nestle upgraded its capacity and in 1992 they added Maggi Noodle  plant to the factory. Over the years past the Kabirwala factory was constantly enhanced as Everyday  tea whitening powder was introduced in 2002 . Islamabad Factory In Islamabad Nestle purchased the AVA water plant in year 2001. And in 2003 Nestle fully owned that unit. Gradually Nestle upgraded and introduced machineries to become more efficient in production through which they was able to provide differentiated products to their consumer with good packaging. Organizational Structure of Nestle Pakistan: Chief Executive Water Group Corporate Affairs Human Resource Supply Chain Milk Collection Agriculture Services Nestle Business Excellence Technical Operations Finance Control Unit Marketing and Sales Division National Sales Management Legal Affairs Technical Purchasing Financial Accounting Corporate purchase Treasury National Brand Management Budget Control Information System Taxation Brands of Nestle Pakistan: Nestle Pakistan has a lot of top most brands of Pakistan which added a lot of value to Nestle Pakistan over a last couple of years like: Milkpak Nevista Nido Everyday Milkpak Cream Nestle Desert cream Nestle yogurt Nestle fruit vitals Nestle Zeera Raita Actiplus Yogurt Nestle Rawaiti Maza Nestle Milo Nestle Nescafe 4. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATIONS (BACKWARD INTEGRATION) Nestle Pakistan and Engro Foods are currently doing backward integration to enhance their production efficiency by creating their own dairy farms and taking control of transportation. Currently they are focusing of creating their own farms to get control over their suppliers. Both the companies are also now directly approaching to the farmers and collecting milk form them as the old concept of middle man and gawala system has start perishing. The main advantage of creating own farms is that both the companies get on time delivery of their material, which help them to enhance their production and deliver their product on time to the end consumers. The details of Engro Foods and Nestle Pakistan farms are given below: 4.1 Engro Foods Dairy Farm Engro Food has selected the Nara Canal due to the presence of its outstanding water, farming land availability and suitable weather for its Dairy Farm. The company has launched a comprehensive vaccination programme with the provision of clean water and balanced nutrition to have infection free, strong and happy animals at all times. The Companys Nara Dairy Farm continued to remain a rich and nutritious source of raw material for its dairy section. The Nara Farm formed over 5.8 mn liters of milk in 2011 with a total herd size of over 3,000 animals. But in 2012, Dairy Farm produced 26,979 liters of milk per day. At March 31, 2012 Dairy Farm herd increased to 3,204 animals. Through it the profit after tax stood at Rs. 5 million versus loss of Rs. 19 million in March 2011, primarily due to higher yield and production. 4.2 Nestle Dairy Farms Nestle Pakistan manages the project under its Agricultural Division. Over 75 professionals are currently associated with these services; intend to help in  increasing the sustainability of the dairy segment in Pakistan. They give the farmers with free technical assistance and veterinary services to build the skills of the farmers in best farming practices and improved livestock management and link them to small businesses and to the dairy market. For this purpose,Nestle has built two demonstrations and teaching  farms, one of which is still under process. The main training facility is the Sarsabz Demonstration and Training  Farm  which  is located on Multan Road, near Okara. The  second training Sukeki Farm,  is under in building process near Lahore. At the farm, there are more than 250 cows, animal huts,  milking machinery, a teaching centre, and hostel for  the farmers, management office and necessary farm equipment and highly qualified instructors  who train farmers on high quality dairy farming and livestock management. Nestle Pakistan has established this training facility over 103 acres of leased land as an investment for the development of  the dairy sector and to  work towards  sustainable farming and an improved rural economy. 5. LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of vertical integration is very old and we saw a lot of academic and legal debates over the costs and benefits of vertical integration. McGee, Bassett and Williamson (1975, 1985, 1989) said that vertical integration is a mean of reducing transactions costs, assuring supply, reducing risk and alleviating the efficiency losses. But on the other side, economists see vertical integration as a means for firms to reduce competition or extract market rents (Scherer, Perry 1978, 1989).Perry, Hart and Tirole (1978), said that most discussions have focused on the effects of forward integration into a competitive product market and little work exists on the effects of backward integration into a competitive input market. However, Knoeber and Thurman (1996) further said that backward integration is of growing importance in many agricultural and natural resource industries. According to Azzam (1996), backward integration occurs through acquiring input suppliers, establishing long-term contracts with existing suppliers or investing in new input production capacity through internal company growth. In some businesses, there is growing concern about the effects of such integration on remaining un- integrated input suppliers. First he said that backward-integrated dominant firm benefits from production efficiency gains. Second he further adds that backward-integrated dominant firm may benefit from a lower acquisition price for externally supplied raw inputs. As per Blois (1972), the biggest advantages of backward integration are to lower down transportation and marketing expense, production or operation stability, timely supplier services, high quality control, necessary revisions in production and execution policies, maintained inventory control, and high profit margin able produces to charge lower prices on finished products. While Williamson (1971) do not consider supply dependability as a necessary advantage and point out the interests harmonization and efficient utilization in process of decision making as the core advantages of backward integration. As per Williamson (1971), backward integration allows management to easily harmonized interest as possible differences can be resigned. As per Lambertini and Rossini (2008), backward vertical integration is indirectly proportional to producers and suppliers. As compare to forward vertical integration, backward vertical integration provides large incentives in investment to the manufacturer. The biggest disadvantage of backward integration for trader is that it discourages them for innovation, on the other hand forward integration discourages producers to innovate. This theory is not parallel to transaction cost theory which does not consider forward and backward integration as a separate concept. Many researchers like Armour, Teece, Langlois, Robertson, Gopala Krishnan, Bierly (1980, 1989, 1992, 1996, and 2001) have stated that vertical integration facilitates the development and implementation of systemic innovations. Further, Armour and Teece (1980) argue that if the innovation at one stage involves adaptation in a preceding or a consequent stage, then the usual ownership of the various stages i.e. vertical integration enables the necessary adaptations and adjustments to be made in a timely and efficient fashion. Similarly Langlois, Robertson (1989) and Langlois (1992) propose that vertical integration is the most appropriate organizational structure for integrative systemic process innovations because the necessary learning and experience proceed faster between functions in a vertically integrated environment. Furthermore, Teece (1996) explains that vertical integration enables the successful development and implementation of systemic innovations by facilitating information flows and coordination and removing institutional barriers such as cost and benefit allocation. Similarly, Gopal krishnan and Bierly (2001) point out that open exchange of information is easier and safer in house than between different organizations because each firm wants to gain more from the innovation and therefore unwilling to share information freely. Teece (1996) however adds that while systemic innovations favour vertically integrated structures from the coordination point of view and some relevant technological or other capabilities needed in the development and implementation of the innovation may exist outside of the vertically integrated firm. Therefore, larger firms may still have an advantage by using their scale to create sufficient momentum and attract smaller firms to get involved with the innovation or simply by being able to secure minority investment positions in smaller firms that have the necessary capabilities needed in the innovation. 6. ANAYSIS 6.1Swot Analysis Strengths Of Engro Foods Strengths of Nestle Pakistan Brand Association: Engro being a renowned and well established brand in fertilizers, infrastructure and IT solutions, it creates a great brand association and consumers can relate to Olpers as a high quality and premium product. This is evidence that Engro Food in its first year crossed 1.4 billion sales figure. Financial Backing: Engro being renowned brand and can attract foreign investors, which enable them to compete with global brands like Nestle. They can afford high costs for research and developments for their current products and in introducing new products. Strategic Relationship: Engro has been creating business relationship with farmers who supply milk to them which enables them to secure the supply and to solve shortage issues. Engro also has created long-term business relationship with distributors this help them to ensure smooth distribution through better channels to make sure that there are no shortages for their product. Research and Development: Engro for Olpers precisely has done strong consumer and product research before launching the product and are continuing this practice post launch. This has helped them to emerge as a strong brand in food industry. To further development and new products, they have engaged various global research partners Mindshare, AC Nielsen, JWT Asiatic and MARS marketing and advertising agency. State of the Art plants: Only Engro Foods has the 3rd generation UHT milk plant in the country. It is the only plant that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene. Parent Company: Nestle has a global presence and is recognized as a huge name worldwide. Nestle Pakistan has a strong support from its parent company, which is the worlds leading processed food and beverage company. Company Image: Nestle has been doing business since many years. It has created an excellent image and reputation in consumers mind all around the world. This helps them to retain market even in unfavorable conditions. High Quality Products: Nestle always ensure to produce good quality products. Nestle being worldwide renowned company creates high quality product to retain that image and to attain consumer loyalty. It cannot compromise on quality as consumers nowadays are more quality conscious. Market Share: Nestle has the highest market share almost in every SBUs line, like as in Milk pack Nestle pure life. Brand strength: Nestle Pakistan has created some very strong brands like Nescafe, Milpak , Everyday, Nestle water and most of these brands have become generic to their product category. When a brand becomes generic it creates a strong presence in minds of consumer. Research Development Team: Research and development is a continuous process at Nestle. It gives updated info on consumer behaviors, changing trends and consumer demands; this helps Nestle to adapt to changing trends. Weakness of Engro Foods Weakness of Nestle Pakistan Packaging: Engro Food is dependent on Tetra Pak for packaging of its entire dairy products. It is the only option for them as Tetra pack has monopoly in packaging sector. This cause higher production costs. Distribution cost: About 85% milk collection centers of Engro Foods are located in Punjab, and its processing facility is in Sind. This huge distance increase distribution cost and increasing overall cost of production. Also it increases the chances of milk getting spoiled due to long travelling time. Narrow Product Line: Since the launch of its first dairy product, Engro Foods has only extended to very few products, where as its competitors like Nestle has diversified and extensive product lines. Owning Red Color: Engro Food like its competitors has not owned colors that identify its products. Colors represent products, like green represents Milkpak. There is no color connection attached to Olpers which creates problems for consumers in remembering the product. Less Proactive: Nestle being a huge company is very less proactive to the demands. Unless competitors initiate a campaign or come up with new strategy, Nestle does not bring changes. Limited Distribution Channel: A major weakness of Nestle is their limited distribution channel as compared to their competitors. Nestle distribute their products to whole sellers in their own factory vehicles. Stock outs: Due to their in-efficient distribution channels, Nestle has experienced stock outs on regular basis. This had adverse effect on companys image and consumer base. It also gives opportunity for competitor to penetrate into market and capture large market share.   Premium Brand: Common men generally perceive Nestle as a premium brand, and have perception that all Nestle products would be highly expensive. Opportunities for Engro Food Opportunities for Nestle Pakistan Government Funding: Government has provided increased funds to farmers. This has allowed farmers to invest in better storage facilities to save milk for longer period of time and to cope bad weather conditions. Awareness: Extensive awareness programs for health and hygiene has created awareness among consumers for the benefits of processed milk. More and more consumers are shifting from loose milk to processed milk. This will create higher demands and consumption of processed milk. This is a great opportunity for growth and to gain more market. Fifth Largest producer of milk: Pakistan is the 5th largest milk production country in the world, the country is blessed four seasons and high quality crop, good species of buffaloes and cows and largest canal system. However it is only obtaining 2500ltr of milk per annum from an animal in comparison with 18000ltr per animal in developed countries. This is a good opportunity to increase production significantly by adopting best practices and modern techniques. Support from Foreign Investors; Government is supporting overseas outlay in Pakistan which is a great opportunity for Nestle to expand its business in Pakistan and to cater large markets. Enhance Distribution Channel: Nestle should work on its distribution channel to make it efficient in order to maintain supply of their products. This will not allow consumer to shift to competitors brand in case of stock outs. Changing Social Trend: Consumers, especially younger generation are hugely influenced by western societies. This has changed the trends for packed ready to use products. This changing social trend has created large demand and opportunity to increase market share. Best Practices and Assistance; Nestle should invest in educating the farmers for best practices and providing them resources and assistance to create greater value and to ensure high capitalization and quality. Threats for Engro Food Threats for Nestle Pakistan Competition: Engro foods biggest competitors like Nestle has been in market since very long. For its brands it might be difficult to penetrate in the market where these brands have created loyalties and presence in mind of consumers. Perceptions and Price Differentials: Consumer preferences and perceptions plays very important role in success of a brand. It is very important for Engro to understand and come up with ways to meet consumer expectations and provide quality that a brand promises. Price factor is also a very important factor, as still consumers prefer loose milk as it is cheaper than processed milk. Economy: Higher inflation rates is eroding buying power of consumers, making products more expensive to use. No Entry Barrier: Industry is growing at rapid rate,  very low entry barriers making it attractive for new competitors. Dependency: Nestle is dependent on whole sellers and super market shelves which can be influenced by the competitors. Loss of Market Share: When the market drenches the loss of the market share of Nestle products is the major threat to them. Differentiated products: Consumers are indifferent to buying Engro products or Nestle. It is a threat to Nestle that consumers can easily shift to Engro products in case of any unfavorable condition. 6.2 Pest Analysis PEST analysis is used to determine and understand external factors such as Political, Economical, Social and technological, and their effect on business. For understanding Nestle and Engro foods position in market, we will carry out PEST analysis to understand the external forces. 6.2.1 Political, Legal Economic Factors Pakistan current fiscal year inflation rate has been grown to 7.7% which decreases the purchasing power of consumers as a whole and which also create higher impact on those products which transform from another products like packed milk powder milk because these is

In Literature, Women Are Good and Men Are Evil Essay -- Good vs Evil

What is good without evil? Without evil, there would be no possible way for good to exist. They complement each other, without one, you cannot have the other. Yet somehow evil always seems to outweigh the good. This is shown in various literary periods throughout history. There are many different ways that both good and evil can be shown. Good can be shown when someone is being kind or loving. The color white is often associated with good because it symbolizes a lamb, who is soft and sweet, a gentle creature. Evil would usually be associated with black. Black symbolizes evil because when people think of black, they think of darkness. The dark is scary and unpredictable so it is natural to associate it with evil. Without having an opposite to compare something to then it’s nearly impossible to define it. Good and evil are defined so easily because when people think of good, they see the opposite of evil and vice versa. Throughout many works of literature, men have been known to be evil/deceitful when it comes to women. Women are seen as the good in literature, not in all but in most cases. Authors such as William Blake and Christina Rossetti illustrate this and also evil in their literature to show their belief that evil dominates the world and good lies in the shadows but in the end, the good always prevails. In the â€Å"Goblin Market,† there are two sisters named Lizzie and Laura, one of the sisters falls ill after she is victim to the evil of the goblins in the market but the good overcomes their evil when Lizzie does the right thing by going to the goblin market in search for a way to cure her sister. Lizzie portrays the good in this poem, while Laura and the goblin men show the evil. Lizzie knew and stood firm on her ... ...lish Translation)." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Blake, William. "Infant Joy." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Blake, William. "Infant Sorrow." Poemhunter.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Davidson, James. "Beowulf - Good vs. Evil." StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Jevon, Amy. "The Dark Bible: Women's Inferior Status." The Dark Bible: Women's Inferior Status. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Johnson, William E. "Good vs. Evil." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. Rossetti, Christina. "Goblin Market." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. Smith, Robert. "Evolution of American Literature." Evolution of American Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Williams, James A. "Role of Women in Literature." StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

Cystic Fibrosis Essay examples -- essays research papers

Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes the body’s lungs to generate a different type of mucus than a non-infected body would. The contaminated lungs will produce mucus that is thick and adhesive which clogs the lungs and leads to an unpleasant and abhorrent lung infection. CF also interferes with the pancreas, disallowing the digestive enzymes from breaking down and absorbing food in the intestine. This can result in low nutrition, feeble growth, excessive sweat production, difficulties in breathing, and sometimes lung disease. When producing extra sweat and mucus, the body loses salt. If too much salt is lost, it can cause abnormal heart rhythms, disturbance of minerals in the blood, and perhaps, shock. Children, as well as Adults can also be affected by this disease. Some afflicted infants usually show symptoms of the disease in its early life stages. Yet, others may experience the horrid and hazardous conditions later in life. The types of infections range differe ntly between each person. There are more than a thousand mutations of the CF gene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Considering that Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder, it can only be inherited by an individuals DNA. The only possible way to transmit the mutation to the offspring is if both parents are either carriers or already infected by the disease. Once two carriers produce an offspring, there is a twenty-five percent chance that their child will have Cystic Fibrosis; a fifty perce...

Archetypes in Harry Potter Essay -- Literary Analysis

Since the publication of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in 1997, J.K. Rowling’s best-selling series has become enormously popular, evidenced in part by its translation into more than seventy languages (Plunkett). As its popularity has increased, it has been held in correspondingly higher esteem until Harry Potter finally joined the likes of Peter Pan and Robin Hood, and Rowling’s series was unofficially labeled Children’s Literature. Due to this station, it is being treated more seriously and examined more analytically. This attention has illuminated allusions and patterns that impose additional layers of meaning onto the story. Harry Potter’s quest, detailed through seven books and thousands of pages, includes archetypal characters, situations, and structure of a classic epic. The main character of a classic epic is the epic hero. This hero is usually male, and he performs courageous, even superhuman feats which â€Å"determine the fate of a nation† (Stephens). He â€Å"must undertake a long and perilous journey, often involving a descent into the underworld,† during which his â€Å"endurance, courage, and cunning† are tested (Characteristics of an Epic Hero). A trip to the Underworld is usually accompanied, at some point, by â€Å"epic games† and one or more â€Å"vision[s] of the future† (Stephens). Though the hero’s friends might be great warriors, â€Å"he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt† (Characteristics of the Epic Hero). In the course of his development, the hero passes through three stages, each consisting of several steps: first, the hero departs the known world; then embarks upon the quest, is transformed, and achieves maturity; and finally, the hero must return to the known (The H ero's Journey). The storyline ultimately ... ...lunkett, Suzanne. "J.K. Rowling announces new book; Harry Potter fans react." 23 June 2011. The Washington Post. 6 June 2012 . Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2007. —. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2003. —. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1997. Stephens, Jimmy. "Archetypes: Student Notes and Exercises." August 2007. 9 June 2012 . "The Hero's Journey." Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools. 8 June 2012 . Archetypes in Harry Potter Essay -- Literary Analysis Since the publication of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in 1997, J.K. Rowling’s best-selling series has become enormously popular, evidenced in part by its translation into more than seventy languages (Plunkett). As its popularity has increased, it has been held in correspondingly higher esteem until Harry Potter finally joined the likes of Peter Pan and Robin Hood, and Rowling’s series was unofficially labeled Children’s Literature. Due to this station, it is being treated more seriously and examined more analytically. This attention has illuminated allusions and patterns that impose additional layers of meaning onto the story. Harry Potter’s quest, detailed through seven books and thousands of pages, includes archetypal characters, situations, and structure of a classic epic. The main character of a classic epic is the epic hero. This hero is usually male, and he performs courageous, even superhuman feats which â€Å"determine the fate of a nation† (Stephens). He â€Å"must undertake a long and perilous journey, often involving a descent into the underworld,† during which his â€Å"endurance, courage, and cunning† are tested (Characteristics of an Epic Hero). A trip to the Underworld is usually accompanied, at some point, by â€Å"epic games† and one or more â€Å"vision[s] of the future† (Stephens). Though the hero’s friends might be great warriors, â€Å"he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt† (Characteristics of the Epic Hero). In the course of his development, the hero passes through three stages, each consisting of several steps: first, the hero departs the known world; then embarks upon the quest, is transformed, and achieves maturity; and finally, the hero must return to the known (The H ero's Journey). The storyline ultimately ... ...lunkett, Suzanne. "J.K. Rowling announces new book; Harry Potter fans react." 23 June 2011. The Washington Post. 6 June 2012 . Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2007. —. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2003. —. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1997. Stephens, Jimmy. "Archetypes: Student Notes and Exercises." August 2007. 9 June 2012 . "The Hero's Journey." Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools. 8 June 2012 .

Business Requirement Analysis Essay

Introduction On my paper, I will be discussing the analysis of an e-commerce function of General Electric website. I chose to do General Electric because they are well established and have diversified services, technology, and manufacturing. General Electric is a company that is committed to being an industry leader world side and is striving to be the example for the world to follow its leadership of its businesses. Currently Forbes has ranked GE as the world’s second largest company with over 287,000 employees around the world. Jeffery Immelt is the chairman of the board and chief executive officer of General Electric. He was selected by the General Electric Board of Directors in 2000 after Jack Welch retired. Before Jack Welch retired, he announced that General Electric will become the leader in global internet business. He saw what the internet is capable of and saw that it was critical for General Electric to lead the pace in the internet business. During Jack Welch tenure, he has developed values that are taken seriously within the General Electric organization. Jack Welch used what he called the 4 E’s of leadership, which are Energy, individuals with energy love to â€Å"go, go, go†. These people possess boundless energy and get up every day ready to attack the job at hand. High energy people move at 95 miles-per-hour in a 55 mile-per-hour world, Energizers, know how to spark others to perform. They outline a vision and get people to carry it out. Energizers know how to get people excited about a cause or a crusade. They are selfless in giving others the credit when things go right, but quick to except responsibility when things go awry, Edge, those with edge are competitive types. They know how to make the really difficult decisions, such as hiring, firing and promoting, never allowing the degree of difficulty to stand in their way, and Execute, the key to the entire model. Without measurable results, the other â€Å"E’s† are of little use. Executers recognize that activity and productivity are not the same and are capable of converting energy and edge into action and results. Jack Welch took twenty years to develop his leadership model. For General Electric to have a successful implantation of the e-commerce tactics, they had to overcome some cultural issues. General Electric had also to ensure that their operations would run smoothly and to be able to build good relationships with their customers. What General Electric has done in the past was they would keep a large sales staff to help customers with their purchase of General Electric products. With the introduction of the internet and General Electric new e-business, the sales staff had become worried that they might lose their jobs because of the internet and they feeling not needed. What General Electric did to help overcome this misconception, they offered bonuses to anyone on the sales staff that helped the customers buy over the internet. They help make the staff understand how the internet can benefit them and the company as a whole and this calmed down the sales staff. With the sales of home appliances, it has become a very completive market with sales and reduce pricing on most to all appliance that anyone sales and a web presence is essential to have within this market. In today’s market though, having just one centralized website will not due and General Electric understood this and General Electric wanted to give each store the ability to sell on the internet to their customers in there general location. With each store having its own website, they should be able to manipulate the website to reflect their own personal pricing of the appliances along with advertising and home delivery terms and conditions. General Electric decided that the website drive by the postal code, meaning customers find their local General Electric store by their postal zip code. Once you are on that particular website, the website offers the traditional search and select stores, gives product details, you can compare modes and so on, but you would be offered that particular store price and specials. The websites for the stores have an user friendly, easy to use website editor where the store can change the data to reflect their current prices and sales and they can change their store banners and graphics. With this type of interface, store owners are able to reflect their website to exactly what is happening in the store. The two requirements that I have selected from the list is as followed: 1) Develop and implement a new website or enhance an existing website to include customer service. This might include features for self-service or use of real-time customer support. 2) Add Internet-based advertising capabilities such as pop-up ads, banner ads, and pop-overs. Now what we will do is discuss the two topics in more detail. The first topic I picked was Develop and implements a new website or enhances an existing website to include customer service. This might include features for self-service or use of real-time customer support. With today’s completive and customer driven market, whether you are a local small town shop or a huge e-commerce business, customer satisfaction is your number one priority as a business. Customers rules that market and the key to be successful and to grow in this world today, your business needs to provide the best customer care money can buy and you need to have better customer care then your competition. With e-business, it can be tough to make it customer friendly because of the lack of face to face contact, but to make e-business customer friendly, it will be necessary to upgrade or enhance the current webpage for the company with a dedicated page for customer support. This page needs to be easy to find on any page within the website and it should be easy to read for the customer with numbers and addresses clearly labeled for customer support. There are several features that helps with the organization and layout of the webpage to make things easier for the customer to na vigate. The first feature should be to make sure there are multiple selections for the customer to have to reach the customer service if there are any issues that should arise. The second feature would to include a customer satisfaction form where they can send information about the experience and/or troubles with the products. The third feature is a new feature that is making its way into the e-commerce market and that would be a live chat. With a live chat, customers can get real time customer service and assistance with the issue they are having with customer representatives. The company should be able to provide these options to the customers with a customer support staff that is experienced and able to resolve the issue for the customer. Just as with the phone support, any support that is requested on the website should be handled and resolved quickly and with accurately. This would be the same for the staff that is online helping to resolve issues, they all should understand the company, policies, products, and services and they should have to keep getting refresher training throughout their time with the company. With web chat, it can be very difficult to get logged on and get help and this can frustrate the customers even more before they even get any help. to keep this from happening, the web chat should use the best web technology so that the customer can log on easily and get into a chat session. The chat window should not take much time to load and there should be little wait time to reach a representative. The customer support staff should be provided with CRM software to make sure that all problems are understood and that all the information they need to solve the customers issue are within hands reach. The use case for the customer service process 1. Customer calls the toll free number, fills out an online survey, or logs into the online web chat 2. The customer then lets the customer support knows there grievance/issues with the company or product. 3. If this customer is on the phone, the phone representative will have CRM software so that they have the information available to them. If the issue requires the representative to find out additional information, then the representative will place the customer on hold to get the answers to solve the issue and then get back with the customer. If the customer submits an online form, the representative handling the form will get the issue/problem resolved as quickly as possible and email the user with the solution to resolve the issue. If it is a chat session, the representative will help the customer as soon as they let the representative know the issue. They will also use CRM software to help the customer or get help from their fellow co-workers. 4. Once the issue or problem has been resolved, the representative will ask the customer if all issues or questions have been taken care of. If the customer stats that they have had all there issue resolve, the task is complete. The reason for such an in-depth customer service section and service are because customer service is because customer service is the driving key for any company’s success for its e-business and is vital for the company to continue to enhance its corporate image by providing the best customer service. The second topic that I picked was to add Internet-based advertising capabilities such as pop-up ads, banner ads, and pop-overs. Another important factor that is missing in internet advertising is search engine optimization; I will include this component within this category. Search engine optimization has become the most important component to internet advertising and without search engine optimization; no business will stand out in the hoard of businesses out there that is using search engine optimization. What search engine optimization does is it helps your website get to the top of a list within search engines. When using internet search engines like Google.com, we type in what we are looking for and a long list of search results that come back. The sites that come first have better search engine optimization technique then the sites towards the bottom, thus making them the first sites that are seen by the customers. To put it plainly, search engine optimization techniques are tools that help your website to become the first choice to appear, in turn increasing the traffic to your website which helps enhance your brand name which will increase your web traffic even more. There are several internet and marketing programs which will help with your search engine optimization but the most popular one today is Google’s Ad words program. When using this service, it will allow your website to be among the first few search results on a search engine such as Google. Use case for advertising and marketing process. 1. The prospect types their inquiry within a search engine such as Google.com or Bing.com 2. The search engine results appear for the inquiry, which will also display the company’s website link within the first few results as long as the search inquires is related to the company. 3. Once all the results have displayed, the customer then clicks on the company’s web link and reaches the homepage for the company. 4. Once the customer has directed their attention to the company’s website, the task is successfully completed.

Paul Cezanne, Pines And Rocks Essay

Paul Cezanne, Pines and Rocks, 1896-99 Oil on Canvas Museum of Modern Art This simple painting of a small, intimate landscape is a good example of Paul Cezanne’s mastery of the impressionist style. The scene is of a rocky path, possibly a hiking trail on the side of a mountain, and a few trees that veil the sky in patches of leaves. Cezanne’s method of painting is rather interesting, in that he paints each stroke like a plate of color, creating an overlapping mosaic. The palette he chose is also remarkable with bright, almost cartoonish shades of pigment that give an underlying sense of realism to the painting. Looking at Cezanne’s work often makes one wonder if impressionism is a study of light being cast on objects or of life being cast out from the object. The overall â€Å"feel† of a painting is often determined by the way each brushstroke is applied to the canvas. Cezanne’s work resembles a mosaic piece, except his blocks of color are intermixed and overlap eachother. Each brushstroke rests on its own plane in the painted space, giving the painting a sense of depth unique to the three-dimensional information of the trees off in the distance and the boulders on the ground. The thick, dark outline of the trees and rocks also add depth to the piece, separating the shaded trail from the bright midday sky. Using a little imagination, one can almost pick off individual leaves from the green and brown patches of paint used to represent them. Cezanne’s choice of color is exceptional in expressing the particular mood in a scene, as shown in this painting. A rich blend of purples, reds, and browns in the rocks and tree trunks nicely compliments the bright blue sky and green foliage. The dull, muted tones of the rocks give weight and gravity to the scene while the light and dark greens seem to dance in the winds of the sky blue background. Lighting and shadows are also well done to add the final touch of depth to the piece.

Contemporary Healthcare Specific Management and Leadership Practice Essay

If there is one word which describes the American health care environment during the last decade, that word is change. Professionals joining the health care industry during the 1990s will find little resemblance to the work environment their predecessors found a mere 10 years earlier. Physical therapy practice during the 1960s and 1970s was largely limited to three settings: the hospital, private practice and extended care institutions. Private practice followed the medical practice model and served primarily ambulatory outpatients. Hospital-based practice accounted for the majority of practice opportunities. Along with some limitations on professional autonomy, employment in hospital-based practice generally offered the greatest opportunities for variety in clinical practice. Literature Review Change is constant and usually affects an entire organization. Change sometimes can cause chaos and stress, but which must be acknowledged and dealt with in order to make an organization effective. Improving high-quality patient care is the most important issue for everyone in a physical health institution, and this improvement needs to remain a central focus of and the main reason for the change. Discussions with hospital executives reveal: There is a need for an action plan to meet the needs of a more culturally diversed population. Adverse patient care incidents are under-reported because there are different interpretations about what should be reported. The hospital has not been able to invest in training hospital staff on reporting requirements. There are no systematic report mechanisms in place. Further study on the case reveals that the peer review processes of the hospital are weak if not minimally compliant. The number of patient complaints about hospital care has been rising. Complaints are often complex, and may involve the hospital’s other health care facilities, and health professionals, as well. Medication errors have been a major concern for the hospital this lately. Though deficiencies were cited, the potential for patient harm was not clearly identified. Still, it has important influences on the quality of care for the medical facility. Faith also noted that their premium cost are decreasing, and is becoming a significant concern for the hospital. The lack of clear and concise ethics guidelines for medical personnel, especially on issues requiring ethical decisions. Each group of stakeholders has somewhat different concerns. That is, each cares more about some aspects of an organization’s activities and less about others. Customers. Many organizations say that they put the concerns of their customers or clients first. For U.S. companies, that often means improving the quality of the service while keeping costs in check. Interviews with the customers reveal that the health care organization’s Teamwork Competency account illustrates that using teams to improve quality is one approach that organizations can use to address the concerns of customers. Employees. Many of the concerns that employees have today reflect changes in the structure of organizations and the fact that work is a major activity in their lives. How a company treats employees during times of change is a key issue raised by this company. Pay is another area of concern to employees. The desire to receive equal pay for equal work is among the most important of workplace issues, according to a national survey of 40,000 women. Owners and Shareholders. For many organizations, the concerns of owners—that is, taxpayers and contributors—often are essentially those of society at large. But for privately owned companies, and those whose shares are publicly traded, the concerns of owners—that is, shareholders—may be quite different from those of society in general. Most shareholders invest their money in companies for financial reasons. At a minimum, they want to preserve their capital for later use. Because the job of institutional investors is to make money by choosing which companies to put their investment in, their perspective on corporate issues is to make profit generation the firm’s top priority. As professional investors, these shareholders have considerable power to influence management’s decisions. Physical therapy health care service product is a bundle of tangible and intangible benefits that satisfy patient’s needs. Factors as job design, role clarity, and autonomy affect employee attitudes, which in turn affect patient experience in the institution. These observations emphasize the need to look beyond the immediate and obvious aspects of satisfaction and to consider other aspects, which affect patient perception of their experience. In dealing with the hospital’s problems with respect to organizational processes, ethics and communication issues, it must be considered from three perspectives: structure, process and outcome. To assure that the hospital services are being appropriately provided, each dimension of hospital care provision must be considered. Quality of Life has different meanings as compared to the other health-related subject matters. It is used to describe a patient’s health status, a description of how he perceives himself and his point of view about his life.   But Quality of Life Concept encompasses more than the health status or one’s perception about self and life.   This concept analysis nursing paper serves to provide the most comprehensive definition about this concept and how it is used in medical terms at present. Quality of Life Concept has become an â€Å"impressive ‘explosive’ trend† talked about by medical field professionals, published in journals, books and various quality life articles for the last 10 years now.   Within this period, its concept continues to evolve and has reached three phases. In the first phase, there is the formal assessment made and classified as ‘physician’s judgment of the patient’s health’. In the second phase, the points of view of the patients were given focus and the tools used in the study were those applied from psycho-social fields. In the third phase, multi-dimensional questionnaires were adopted and the concept of Quality of Life and health status begin to have different meanings (Apolone and Mosconi, p.66, 1998). Today, the trend continues to evolve as patient-oriented measures are applied and studied from functional disability scales to spiritual quality of life and economic measures. It is also a lot of other possible factors that have effects on a patient’s perception about what quality of life is in relation to his health.   The patient’s point of view in quality and effectiveness is taken into consideration and is treated as a more comprehensive humanistic approach that determines what to him is quality of life (Apolone and Mosconi, p. 68, 1998). Definition of Quality of Life When we speak about quality of life in layman’s terms, it literally pertains to a number of definitions. It connotes with standard of living, available resources or conditions that tell about either the comforts or discomforts of life and such other identifiable meaning and perception about an ideal life.   There are many indicators about what quality of life a patient can perceive and most of these indicators depend variably on one’s cultural values. Defining Quality of Life for the purpose of this nursing concept paper is variable because it pertains to a â€Å"subjective experience†. Hence, it can not be measured with â€Å"object indicators.†Ã‚   Being the case, according to Skevington, studies show that the â€Å"best person to assess quality of life is arguably the individual himself† (Skevington, par. 4, 1999). When questions are asked to a patient and he, in turn, answers the questions, the medical professional likely gets a limited clinical success in the study of the patient’s history because of limited information.   He is unable to get the necessary data that may be of help in assessing the health condition of the patient.   Hence, there is a need to come up with a good quality-of-life measure that will enable health and interventions to be properly evaluated. The World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, in collaboration with the WHOQOL Group, designed an instrument called WHOQOL-100 that is used in â€Å"multinational clinical trials for the evaluation of quality-of-life outcomes during all types of health care interventions like surgery, counseling and medication.† (Skevington, par.1, 1999).  Ã‚   It is useful also for making cross-cultural function about perceived quality of life relating to health and at a one-to-one level, in improving communications between doctors and their patients in the consulting room (Skevington, par. 1, 1999). The WHOQOL has up come with such instrument and made it as comprehensive as possible to reach out to various global dimensions that are workable internationally. Moreover, it is intended for use by persons with chronic diseases, informal caregivers and people living in highly stressful situations. WHO defines health as a â€Å"state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†.   On the other hand, the WHOQOL Group defines Quality of Life as â€Å"an individual’s perception of their position in life, in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns (Sousa).   It is so broad a concept that it affects the patient’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, and social relationships with his environment in a very complex way.   In addition to this definition, WHOQOL Group has added the sixth domain to the list, which is â€Å"spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs.† (Skevington, par 5, 1999). Furthermore, the WHOQOL 100 is an instrument that is applied to heterogeneous cross-section of sick and well people in order to examine its internal consistency reliability, construct validity , and discriminant power (Skevington, par. 1999).. Concept of Quality of Life in Health Care The Quality of Life came about when the disciplines of sociology and psychology became an issue related to health care. It has emerged into a larger issue when technological advances were aimed at increasing life span. Quality of Life has become a means to guide a patient in deciding on whether to pursue a treatment or not for his or her ailment.   According to clinicians, Health-related Quality of Life is an appropriate focus for a patient who has a disease or who is ill, and whose aspects in life become health-related (Haas, p. 730, 1999). A)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defining Attributes of Quality of Life. The Walker and Avant’s 1995 method of concept analysis of Quality of Life took note of the various characteristics or critical attributes recurring in the process of their studies and they are grouped according to four recurring themes.   The first theme is the â€Å"multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of the QOL.   Authors have stressed that QOL is a multi-dimensional concept considering that it is â€Å"based on values; is dynamic, ever changing and depends largely on the context in which it is measured† (Haas, p. 733, 1999). The second theme is that QOL includes an assessment.   In this case, the authors include words such as response, appraisal, measure, experience and assessment in defining and using QOL (Haas, p. 733, 1999).   The third theme is centered on the subjective nature of QOL. Grouped within this theme are words like perception, well-being, and satisfaction. (Haas, p. 733, 1999). The fourth and final theme recognizes the objective nature of QOL, with authors using â€Å"behavior, functioning, and environment as measures of QOL.† (Haas, p. 733, 1999). These defining attributes were sourced from the definitions and use of QOL. It mainly shows that QOL is indeed an individual’s current life circumstance. It further shows that it is multi-dimensional in nature and in being so, is based on values and is dynamic. It is also composed of both subjective and/or objective indicators. Finally QOL is subjectively measured by persons capable of self-evaluation.   (Haas, p. 733, 1999) (B) Congruence of the Concept with the Assumptions and Other Concepts within the Model/Theory. The QOL Model was formulated to provide a measure that takes into consideration both the components and determinants of health and well being that are consistent with the concept of Quality of Life. The QOL Model or Profile emphasizes on the person’s physical, psychological and spiritual functioning and his connections with his environments as well as opportunities for maintaining and enhancing skills (The Quality of Life Model, par 3, 2005). The Conceptual framework of the Quality of Life has three life domains which are aimed at providing a person to enjoy the more essential potentials of his life. (The Quality of Life Model, par 4, 2005) Each of the three domains has three sub-domains and they are as follows: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being pertains to who one is.   Its three sub-domains are: (1) Physical Being, which relates to a person’s or patient’s physical health, personal hygiene, nutrition, exercise, grooming and clothing, and general physical appearance; (2) Psychological Being, which relates to his psychological health adjustment, cognitions, feelings, self-esteem, self-concept and self-control; (3) Spiritual Being, which relates to his personal values, personal standards of conduct and spiritual beliefs. (The Quality of Life Model, par. 5, 2005) (b)  Ã‚   Belonging pertains to the person’s connections with his environment. Its three sub-domains are: (1) Physical Belonging, which relates to his connections with his home, work place/school, neighborhood and community; (2) Social Belonging, which relates to his connections with his intimate others, family, friends, co-workers, neighborhood and community; (3) Community Belonging, which relates to his connections with matters pertaining to adequate income, health and social services, employment, educational programs, recreational programs or community events and activities. (The Quality of Life Model, par 5. 2005) (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Becoming pertains to achieving personal goals, hopes and aspirations. Its three sub-domains are: (1) Practical Becoming, which relates to achieving personal goals in domestic activities, in work, in school or volunteer activities or seeing to health and social needs; (2) Leisure Becoming, relates to activities that promote relaxation and stress reduction; (3) Growth Becoming, relates to activities that promote the maintenance or improvement of knowledge and skill and adapting to change. (The Quality of Life Model, par. 5, 2005) Ferrans Conceptual Model of Quality of Life. Ferrans has developed a model based on the adoption of the individualistic ideology, which recognizes that quality of life depends on the unique experience of individuals. He maintains that the individual person is the only accurate judge of his quality of life because people differ in their perceptions and values. (Ferrans, par. 1, 1996)   This model uses qualitative methodology and has identified four domains of quality of life: health and functioning as psychological/spiritual, social and economic, and family. (Ferrans, par 1, 1996)   Patient data are analyzed in relation to these domains of quality of life. Researchers, physicians, policy makers adopt the Quality of Life concept as an instrument that tests the validity, reliability and effectiveness of different and relevant sub-domains for the purpose of evaluating the impact of medical interventions on the population (Apolone and Mosconi, p. 68, 1998). Since the concept is considered non-medical determinant, it is treated as confounder, a complementary way for effectiveness of care to a patient. This is because medicine still plays the major role in determining the final health outcome of a patient. (Apolone and Mosconi, p. 68, 1998) Since patients are the proper judge of their quality of life, there are ways to enhance the well-being of patients who may have a poor quality of life.   Studies show that the presence of positive feelings in patients is the most important feature of the kind of quality of life he has. Patients, with positive feelings most likely enjoy a pleasant quality of life than those who are in-patients and sick. A person has control of his emotions which can generally affect his state of mental being.   It is a matter of developing the positive attitude and containing oneself into thinking of a positive outlook in life.